A comparative study on CFD simulation of spray penetration between gas jet and standard KIVA-3V spray model over a wide range of ambient gas densities

CFD simulation of spray penetration with standard KIVA-3V were compared with those using both an 'original gas jet model' and a 'normal gas jet profile model that features a new breakup length formula' by implementing them in the standard KIVA-3V code. The effects of entrainment coefficient on the spray penetration simulated with the gas jet profile were compared to that simulated with the standard KIVA-3V spray model. The accuracy of the CFD simulation results was estimated by comparing them with available experi-mental data. Both the standard KIVA-3V spray model and the normal gas jet profile model with the breakup length formula predict well the spray tip penetration up to a gas density of 60 kg/m³. The CFD simulation of spray tip penetration with the standard KIVA-3V pre-dicts better with the 'original gas jet model' when the ambient gas density is lower than 60 kg/m³. For higher densities, the normal gas jet profile model with breakup length formula predicts the spray penetration better.