CdSe tetrapod interfacial layer for improving electron extraction in planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells

We demonstrate the improvement in the efficiency of planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by employing cadmium selenide tetrapods (CdSe TPs) as an electron extraction layer. The insertion of the CdSe TP layer between the titanium oxide (TiO₂) and perovskite film facilitates electron transfer at the TiO₂/perovskite interface, as indicated by the significantly quenched steady-state photoluminescence of the perovskite film. Furthermore, we observed a conductivity enhancement of the perovskite film by introducing the CdSe TP layer. The combination of both effects induced by the TPs leads to enhancement in the carrier extraction as well as decreased recombination losses in the perovskite solar cells. As a result, an efficiency of 13.5% (1 sun condition) is achieved in the perovskite solar cells that incorporate the CdSe TP layer, which is 10% higher than that of the device without the CdSe TP layer.