Ectoine Effect on Mechanical Properties of Vesicles in Aqueous Solution

The mechanical properties of the vesicles incorporated with ectoine were studied using atomic force microscope (AFM). The vesicles were prepared with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) by changing only the ratio of the ectoine to DPPC. After the vesicles were adsorbed on the mica substrate and their morphology were characterized, the plot of an AFM tip displacement versus the tip deflection was acquired by monitoring the behavior of the tip into the vesicle. The breakthrough of the tip into the vesicle was observed to occur twice. Each breakthrough represented a penetration of the tip into the top and bottom portions of the vesicle, respectively. The force data between the pre-contact and the first breakthrough were comparable with the Hertzian model to estimate Young’s modulus and the bending modulus of the vesicles. Both moduli decreased proportionally with the increase in the ratio of ectoine to lipid up to 0.5. However, above 0.5, the moduli were slightly changed with the increase. These results of the mechanical properties appear to be due to the osmotic and volumetric effect on the headgroup packing disruption. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]