Electrical stimulation of bone regeneration in infected defects: biomaterial approaches

Infected bone defects pose a significant challenge in regenerative medicine, hindering successful bone tissue repair. The inherent electrical properties of native bone tissue offer a promising avenue for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Electroactive biomaterials, designed to mimic these properties, have emerged as potential tools for promoting bone regeneration and combating infection. This review explores the intricate relationship between electroactivity and bone healing, focusing on the capacity of these biomaterials to recapitulate the electrical cues essential for osteogenesis. We provide a comprehensive overview of materials known to stimulate bone regeneration in the context of infection, including conductive polymers, piezoelectric ceramics, and bioactive glasses. Furthermore, we delve into the specific mechanisms by which electroactive biomaterials exert their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, highlighting the role of electrical stimulation in modulating cellular responses and combating microbial colonization. While previous research has often addressed bone regeneration and antibacterial action separately, this review emphasizes the synergistic potential of dual-functional electroactive biomaterials. By combining regenerative and antimicrobial properties, these advanced biomaterials hold promise for overcoming the complex challenges associated with infected bone defects. This comprehensive analysis of current literature aims to stimulate further research and development in this critical area of biomaterials science.