Electrochemical properties of fluorine-doped tin oxide nanoparticles using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis

Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. The morphologies, crystal structures, chemical bonding states, and electrochemical properties of the nanoparticles are investigated. The FTO nanoparticles show uniform morphology and size distribution in the range of 6-10 nm. The FTO nanoparticles exhibit excellent electrochemical performance with high discharge specific capacity and good cycling stability (620mA h g^-1 capacity retention up to 50 cycles), as well as excellent high-rate performance (250 mA h g^-1 at 700mAg^-1) compared to that of commercial SnO2. The improved electrochemical performance can be explained by two main effects. First, the excellent cycling stability with high discharge capacity is attributed to the nano-sized FTO particles, which are related to the increased electrochemical active area between the electrode and electrolyte. Second, the superb high-rate performance and the excellent cycling stability are ascribed to the increased electrical conductivity, which results from the introduction of fluorine doping in SnO₂. This noble electrode structure can provide powerful potential anode materials for high-performance lithiumion batteries.