Energy-efficient routing, power control and energy clustering for energy harvesting-enabled spectrum sharing IoT sensor networks

We investigate a spectrum sharing system that enables energy harvesting from distributed multi-antenna energy transmitter devices for primary dual-band device-to-device networks and secondary dual-band wireless sensor networks (WSNs), incorporating a multi-stage rectenna energy harvesting circuit model. We formulate a new multi-hop routing problem for network energy efficiency maximization of this system, which involves the interconnected tasks of WSN routing, controlling the transmit power of sensor nodes, and energy transmitter clustering, taking into account interference, power budget and rate constraints. To tackle these interconnected tasks effectively, we propose an integrated solution that includes both centralized and distributed routing schemes. Furthermore, the solution incorporates energy transmitter clustering schemes based on harvested power and channel gain. We provide an analysis of the computation complexity and signaling overhead for the proposed solution. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed routing and clustering schemes outperform their respective benchmark schemes, achieving significant performance gains.