Flexible and stretchable high performance enzymatic biofuel cells implantable in tube-type artificial blood vessel kit

Enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) are emerged as promising power sources for implantable devices, offering excellent form factor and performance. For these applications, EBFCs require customer tailored structure and more than 10 μW power. In this study, flexible and stretchable EBFCs are suggested, assessing their performance using tube-type artificial blood vessel (TABV) cell kit with sheep blood fuel. To fabricate the EBFCs, buckypaper (BP) is molded to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to fabricate BP@PDMS electrode that shows excellent strain rate (95 %) and durability (1500 cycles) in tensile and fatigue tests. Additionally, electrochemical evaluations are implemented to measure the performance of anode and cathode fabricated with BP@PDMS. In anode including 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione and glucose dehydrogenase, maximum reactivity of glucose oxidation is 1.05 mA/cm², while in cathode including bilirubin oxidase, that of oxygen reduction is 0.61 mA/cm². Regarding flexibility, anode and cathode are little affected by current density irrespective of bending angle, proving that the fabricated anode and cathode have good flexibility. To emulate the behavior of EBFCs in actual blood vessel, EBFCs are implanted in TABV cell kit, fueling sheep blood. Observed open circuit voltage of 0.59 V and maximum power of 26 μW reveals that fabricated EBFCs have superior potential to be considered as power sources for implantable devices.