From data to sustainable innovation: roadmapping for smart Product-Service Systems (PSS)

A Product-Service System (PSS) is a promising and widely accepted concept that integrates products and services for achieving sustainability. With the advent of the big data, numerous opportunities have emerged for the development and operation of data-driven PSSs. Despite this, existing research provides limited insight into the strategic utilization of data in PSS development, particularly with respect to roadmap-based approaches that systematically address critical data-related considerations while explicitly accounting for variations in data contexts across different PSS types. In response, this study investigates how data contributes to the PSS design and how technology roadmapping can be tailored. By differentiating the structural, functional, and procedural aspects of the three types of PSS roadmaps with relevant case examples, this paper provides a comprehensive understanding of their unique characteristics. The proposed data-driven roadmapping approaches aim to support both practitioners and researchers in systematically developing PSSs based on a concrete and actionable methodology.