Integration of TinyML and LargeML: A Survey of 6G and Beyond

The evolution from fifth-generation (5G) to sixth-generation (6G) networks is driving an unprecedented demand for advanced machine learning (ML) solutions. Deep learning (DL) has already demonstrated significant impact across mobile networking and communication systems, enabling intelligent services such as smart healthcare, smart grids, autonomous vehicles, aerial platforms, digital twins, and the metaverse. At the same time, the rapid proliferation of resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices has accelerated the adoption of tiny machine learning (TinyML) for efficient on-device intelligence, while large machine learning (LargeML) models continue to require substantial computational resources to support large-scale IoT services and ML-generated content. These trends highlight the need for a unified framework that integrates TinyML and LargeML to achieve seamless connectivity, scalable intelligence, and efficient resource management in future 6G systems. This survey provides a comprehensive review of recent advances enabling the integration of TinyML and LargeML in next-generation wireless networks. In particular, we: 1) provide an overview of TinyML and LargeML; 2) analyze the motivations and requirements for unifying these paradigms within the 6G context; 3) examine efficient bidirectional integration approaches; 4) review state-of-the-art solutions and their applicability to emerging 6G services; and 5) identify key challenges related to performance optimization, deployment feasibility, resource orchestration, and security. Finally, we outline promising research directions to guide the holistic integration of TinyML and LargeML for intelligent, scalable, and energy-efficient 6G networks and beyond.