Introduction of Human-in-the-Loop in Smart Manufacturing (H-SM)

This paper introduces the concept of human-in-the-loop in smart manufacturing (H-SM), which aims to involve humans more extensively by utilizing advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, wearable devices, and immersive technologies. The ultimate objective of H-SM, based on the five pillars of intelligence, integration, interoperability, interaction, and immersion (5I), is to achieve human-centricity, sustainability, and resilience in order to realize Industry 5.0. The paper first discusses and classifies enhanced users and human digital modes (i.e., model, shadow, and twin) based on varying levels of physical and cognitive capabilities and experiences.