Review of artisanal pollution from traditional tanneries: Historical insights, environmental impacts, and sustainable nanocomposite treatment approaches

Artisanal pollution generates harmful chemical and biological discharges into the environment, and is a major source of water contamination due to toxic chromium and tannins. This review explores the issue of artisanal pollution associated with traditional tanneries, examining its historical origins, health and socio-economic environmental impacts, and modern approaches to sustainable management. Although culturally significant and economically essential in many parts of the world, artisanal tanneries generate waste containing heavy metals and organic chemicals. This manuscript emphasizes traditional tanning practices, their historical legacy, and persistence in local economies. It assesses remediation solutions, with a particular focus on treatments using nanocomposites, which offer a promising alternative thanks to their efficacy, versatility, and durability. In addition, the economic impacts of artisanal pollution are examined on different continents, including its effects on local industries and employment. The document addresses quality and environmental control, focusing on certification standards for artisanal practices. It also proposes initiatives in favor of sustainable development and ways of integrating sustainability into craft practices. These strategic programs aim to strengthen craft activities by reducing environmental and health impacts while supporting local economic development.