Structural design strategies of triboelectric nanogenerators for omnidirectional wind energy harvesting

Omnidirectional wind energy harvesting has gained increasing attention as a means of harnessing the inherently variable and multidirectional flows encountered in real-world environments. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which leverage contact electrification and electrostatic induction to convert mechanical motion into electrical power, are particularly well-suited for such applications due to their ability to operate effectively under low-speed and intermittent wind conditions. In this review, we first outline the fundamental triboelectric processes and operating modes that underpin TENG functionality, emphasizing how their low inertia and high-voltage outputs make them compatible with a wide range of wind profiles. We then discuss three predominant device classifications—rotary, aeroelastic, and rolling-based—highlighting their distinct mechanical configurations and capacities for omnidirectional capture. Key examples illustrate how strategically designed rotor geometries, flutter-driven films, and rolling elements can maximize contact–separation events and enhance triboelectric generation under complex airflow patterns. Finally, we examine the major obstacles faced by TENG-based harvesters, including durability, hybrid system design, and intelligent power management. Strategies to overcome these barriers involve wear-resistant materials, adaptive architectures, and advanced circuitry, offering TENG solutions that are feasible in micro- or off-grid scenarios.